Pumamarca, the city of the cougars
Located in the magical town of Ollantaytambo, the archaeological complex of Pumamarca, which means “City of the Pumas”, combines history, architecture and impressive natural landscapes, making it ideal for those looking for experiences outside the traditional tourist circuits. Full of small routes, the Inca architecture will seek to surprise you.
- What will I find in Pumamarca?
- Where is Pumamarca?
- How to get to Pumamarca?
- How do I complete the tour?
- Features of Pumamarca
- How can I visit it?
- What was the purpose of the Pumamarca archaeological site?
- Image gallery: Pumamarca
- Pumamarca: Recommendations
- Frequently Asked Questions
Pumamarca archaeological complex
What will I find in Pumamarca?
Pumamarca is an Inca archaeological complex located near Ollantaytambo, in the Sacred Valley of Cusco. It stands out for its agricultural terraces with irrigation systems, residential and ceremonial buildings. Its strategic location is on a hill overlooking the Patacancha Valley. This place combines history, architecture and nature, making it ideal for hiking and cultural tourism. It is an example of Inca agricultural sustainability and a little-known gem of the Sacred Valley.
Tourists visiting the terraces of Pumamarca
Where is Pumamarca?
The Pumamarca archaeological complex is located in the Patacancha Valley, which is approximately 6km from the town of Ollantaytambo in the Cusco region.
How to get to Pumamarca?
1. From Ollantaytambo (on foot)
- Route: Walk of about 2 to 3 hours. The trail begins in Ollantaytambo (How to get to Ollantaytambo?) and crosses rural and agricultural landscapes.
- Difficulty: Moderate, with some steep climbs.
- Recommendation: Wear comfortable clothing, water and sunscreen.
2. By road (by vehicle)
- Route: Take local transport or a taxi from Ollantaytambo to the closest point to the archaeological site. From there, walk about 30 minutes to the complex.
- Duration: About 1 hour by vehicle along with a short walk.
3. Guided tour
- Some tourist agencies in Cusco or Ollantaytambo offer guided tours to Pumamarca, combining hiking and scenery with historical and archaeological explanations.
Ecological aspects
- Ecosystem: The transition between valleys and heights creates a diverse environment in flora and fauna.
- Conservation: The Pumamarca environment is an example of the coexistence between humans and nature, with agricultural systems designed to adapt to the ecosystem without damaging it.
How do I complete the tour?
1. Start: Arrival in Pumamarca
- Starting point: You can walk from Ollantaytambo or take a vehicle to a nearby point.
- First view: Upon arrival, you will see the hill where the archaeological complex is located, surrounded by impressive natural landscapes.
2. Exploration of agricultural terraces
- Description: Start by touring the stone terraces, designed to optimize cultivation on the mountain slopes.
- Irrigation systems: Observe the canals that the Incas used to distribute water.
3. Visit to the main structures
- Kallankas: Elongated buildings that were possibly warehouses or administrative centers.
- Minor enclosures: Stone houses used by residents or agricultural workers.
- Ceremonial spaces: Explore areas where rituals related to agriculture were performed.
4. Walk to the viewpoints
- Panoramic views: From the high points of the site, you will enjoy spectacular views of the Patacancha Valley, which is surrounded by mountains.
- Photography: It is an excellent place to capture the landscape and structures.
5. Trail to Ollantaytambo (optional)
- Descent: If you decide to return on foot, the trail connects Pumamarca with Ollantaytambo. It is a walk of approximately 2 hours, surrounded by nature and local communities.
Total duration of the tour
- On site: Exploring Pumamarca can take between 1.5 and 2 hours.
- Including the journey: Depending on how you arrive, the entire trip can take between 4 and 6 hours.
Buildings found in Pumamarca
Features of Pumamarca
| Main features of the Pumamarca archaeological complex | |
|---|---|
| Altitude | Approximately 3,500 meters above sea level. |
| Climate |
|
| Flora | The surroundings of Pumamarca are home to rich vegetation typical of the Andean region:
|
| Fauna | The local fauna includes Andean species that inhabit the mountainous region:
|
How can I visit it?
There are two ways to tour the Pumamarca archaeological complex:
1. Without a guide
The ability to explore Pumamarca on your own gives you greater flexibility to explore the site at your own pace.
Options to get there:
- Hike from Ollantaytambo:
- Following the marked trail that connects the town of Ollantaytambo with the archaeological site. It is a 2-3 hour walk.
- Use offline maps or map apps to help you navigate.
- By vehicle:
- Take a taxi or local transport from Ollantaytambo to a nearby point (approximately 1 hour) from there it will be a walk of approximately 30 minutes to the site.
- Hike from Ollantaytambo:
Advantages:
- Cost savings.
- Freedom to explore at your own pace.
- Personal connection with nature and the environment.
Disadvantages:
- You could miss important historical and cultural details without explanation.
- Signage on site is limited.
Recommendation:
Research the history of Pumamarca beforehand and bring informative material to enrich your visit.
2. With guide
Hiring a guide or an organized tour adds educational and cultural value to your experience.
Options to hire:
- In Ollantaytambo: You can find local guides in town who offer personalized tours to Pumamarca.
- From Cusco: Travel agencies offer packages that include transportation and a guide. Some combine Pumamarca with other destinations in the Sacred Valley.
Advantages:
- Detailed explanations about agricultural terraces, water channels and buildings.
- Information on local flora, fauna and traditions.
- Greater safety when touring the site and trails.
Disadvantages:
- It may be more expensive.
- Less flexibility in schedules if it is an organized group.
Estimated cost:
- Local guide in Ollantaytambo: 50-100 soles, depending on the group and the tour.
- Full tour from Cusco: 150-250 soles, depending on the agency.
Pumamarca Ruins
Cultural and ecological importance
Pumamarca is also a testament to Inca sustainability, as its terraces and canals show how they managed to coexist with nature in a respectful and efficient manner. Today, the surrounding area is home to rich biodiversity, making the site a place of both historical and ecological interest.
What was the purpose of the Pumamarca archaeological site?
The objective of the construction of the Pumamarca archaeological complex is associated with agricultural functions, it is also considered in its military aspect and due to its characteristics it is linked as a center of ceremonial rituals.
1. Agricultural function
- Food production: The extensive agricultural terraces were designed to grow staple crops such as potatoes, quinoa and corn, essential for the region’s population.
- Advanced irrigation system: Canals and ditches ensured efficient irrigation of the terraces, even in mountainous and difficult-to-access terrain.
- Supply to Ollantaytambo: Pumamarca probably served as a production center that supplied food to Ollantaytambo and other strategic points in the Sacred Valley.
2. Military and strategic function
- Surveillance: Its location on a hill overlooking the Patacancha Valley made it an excellent observation post to control access to the Sacred Valley (The Sacred Valley of the Incas: Complete information).
- Protection of Ollantaytambo: Pumamarca could have functioned as a first line of defense against possible invasions, protecting Ollantaytambo, which was an important administrative and military center.
3. Ceremonial function
- Agricultural rituals: Some structures may have been used for ceremonies to honor Pachamama (Mother Earth) and thus ensure good harvests.
- Spirituality: Its connection with nature and the surrounding mountains reflects the Andean worldview, where the apus (sacred mountains) had great importance.
Image gallery: Pumamarca
Pumamarca: Recommendations
- Check road conditions, especially during the rainy season (November to April).
- Consider visiting early in the morning to enjoy the place with fewer visitors.
- Acclimatize to Cusco or Ollantaytambo to avoid altitude sickness.
- Wear comfortable, layered, waterproof clothing, hiking shoes, and sunscreen.
- Respect archaeological structures and take care of the environment.
- Combine the visit with a walk along the trails that connect Pumamarca with Ollantaytambo.
- If you have time, visit nearby communities to learn about their cultural traditions.
- Make sure to bring a camera to capture every scene and every moment in the area.
Frequently Asked Questions
1) Is it a long journey?
Although the walk from Ollantaytambo takes on average 2.5 hours, it is considered a medium-distance route.
2) Is the hike for experienced people?
No, the route, despite being somewhat long, does not have very steep areas, which is why it is classified as an intermediate level route.
3) Can I go without a guide?
Yes, the route is very well signposted, so you should not have any problems getting there. However, we recommend going with a guide so as not to miss any details and to arrive safely.
4) Can I go at any time of the year?
Although you can go any time of year, we recommend that you go during the dry season, which runs from May to October.
5) How long will it take me to complete it?
The time to explore the Pumamarca archaeological complex can take you between 1.5 and 2 hours, so you don’t miss any detail.
6) What equipment should I bring?
Wear comfortable, layered, waterproof clothing, hiking shoes, and use sunscreen.
7) Is there good signal in the area?
No, but there are some places where you might find better signal. We therefore recommend that you download a map to avoid any problems during your journey.
Advice from people who have been there
By: Gloria P.“ love with every corner“
“I have the impression that every archaeological site in Cusco gives me the happiness and calm that I so desired, I could not compare them, but I can say that I will always carry Pumamarca within me.“
By Ticket Machu Picchu – Last updated, January 17, 2025